Kingdom Monera - Structure, Habitat, Characteristics, Classifications, Types of Bacteria, Economic importance

                         Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera

Basic information:

Kingdom Monera includes all prokaryotic organisms with noncellulosic (Polysaccharide and amino acid) cell wall. Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.

Habitat: They are found everywhere i.e., in very hot or cold region or inside human body.

Characters:

The main characters of kingdom Monera are:

·        The members of kingdom monera are prokaryotic.

·        Cell Wall is Noncellulosic (Polysaccharide and amino acids)

·        Nuclear membrane is absent.

·        Body organisation is Cellular.

·        Mode of nutrition is Autotrophic (Chemosynthetic and photosynthetic) and Heterotrophic (Saprophytic and Parasitic)

 

Bacteria are grouped under four categories Based on their shapes:

1.   cocci: Coccus (pl.: cocci) are spherical, ovoid or generally round shaped bacteria. If two coccus were attached together they were called diplococci; rows of such bacteria are called Streptococci and if bacteria are attached in groups or clusters they are called Staphylococci. Sarcina is the condition when cocci are arranged in cubes of eight.

 

Cocci based on their arrangement

 

2.   Bacilli: Bacillus (pl.: bacilli) are cyllindrical or rod-shaped bacteria. These bacteria were widely found in soil and water. These bacteria were also found in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants and humans.

 

 3.   Vibrio: Vibrium (pl.: Vibrio) are comma shaped bacteria. They are commonly  found in aquatic and marine environment.

 

Vibrio

 4.   Spirillum: Spirillum (pl.: spirilla) are the spiral,large, elongate and rigid bacteria. They are usually found in stagnant freshwater rich in organic matte

Spirillum

Kingdom Monera is divided into two groups

1.   Archeabacteria

2.   Eubacteria

 

1.   Archeabacteria: These are the ancient and special bacteria since they live in some of the most harsh habitats suh as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas (methanogens). These are called ancient bacteria because these are one of the oldest living organisms known on Earth.

 

Archeabacteria

 Characteristics of Archeabacteria:

Here are listed some important characteristics of Archeabacteria:

·        Most primitive prokaryotes.

·        Can live under extreme harsh conditions.

·        Known as living fossils.

·        They can be obligate anaerobes or facultative anaerobes.

·        used in the production of gobar gas and cellulose fermentation.

·        Absence of peptidoglycan in cell wall.\

 

2.   Eubacteria: These are prokaryotic microorganisms consisting of a single cell lacking a nucleus and containing DNA is a single circular chromosome. Eubacteria is also known as true bacteria. They are characterised by the presence of a rigid cell wall, and if motile, a flagellum. The cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and are photosynthetic autotrophs. Eubacteria can be either gram-negative or gram-positive.

 

Eubacteria

 Characteristics of Eubacteria:

·        Microscopic in nature.

·        Cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.

·        They are unicellular.

·        Sexual reproduction is absent.

·        Motile bacteria possess flagella.

·        Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.

·        They play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur.

 

Economic importance:

Ecologically, monerans are major decomposers in the world’s ecosystems. Many have symbiotic relationships, some have mutualistic, and some have parasitic. They can be used in food production, in the manufacture of artificial snow, in mining, and in biotechnology in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

 

 

 

 

 

Taxonomical Aids - Definition, Examples, Types (Botanical Garden, Zoological Parks, Herbarium, Museum and Key)

 

                        Taxonomic Aids

Taxonomic aid – An overview:

Taxonomic studies of various species of plants, animals and other organisms are useful in agriculture, forestry, industry and in general in knowing our bio-resources and their diversity. These studies would require correct classification and identification of organisms. Identification of organisms requires intensive laboratory and field studies. The collection of actual specimens of plant and animal species is essential and is the prime source of taxonomic studies. In this article, we will discuss about the definition, types, example, and an overview about the taxonomic aids.

Definition:

Biologist has established certain procedures and techniques to store and preserve the information as well as the specimens. Any technique and procedure which help in studying various species are called Taxonomic aids.

Examples of taxonomic aids:

Some examples of taxonomic aids are:

Botanical gardens, Zoological parks, Museum, Herbarium, Monograph, fore etc...,

Types of Taxonomical Aids:

1.    Botanical Gardens: Botanical gardens are places where we grow various varieties of plants for scientific study. These botanical gardens help to educate people. Some important botanical gardens are:

·         Acharya Jadish Chandra Bose Botanical garden (old name – Indian Botanical Garden). It is situated in Kolkata (Howrah). This garden is famous for The Great Banyan (Ficus Benghalensis) tree. It is 250 years old tree and has 2800 prop roots. It is also famous for Victoria amozonica (water lilly plant). The diameter of single leaf of this plant is 2.3 mtr.

·         National Botanical garden – Lucknow

·         Royal Botanical Garden – Kew (England)

 

 

                               Botanical Garden

                                

  Zoological Parks: These are enclosed places where wild animals were kept for scientific study or these are the places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care and which enable us to learn about their food habits and behaviour. These are mainly used for protection of endangered animal. These are also very helpful to educate people.

 

 

Zoological Parks

                                                              

  Museum: Museum is places where preserved organisms are placed.

Museum has collections of preserved plant and animal specimens for study and reference. Plants and animals specimens may also be preserved as dry specimens. Insects are preserved in insect’s boxes after collecting, killing and pinning. Larger animals like birds and mammals are usually stuffed and preserved. Museums often have collections of skeletons of animals too.

 

 

 

Museum

                                                                

 

 Herbarium: Herbarium is collections of dried, pressed, mounted plants. It is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets.

 

Herbarium Sheet

 

 Key: A set of alternate statement i.e., 2 statements. These 2 statements are known as couplet. One statement is known as lead.

 

Key

 

 Some important terms:

Monograph: Systematic study of one taxon or category.

Manual: Manual includes Information about one species.

Flora: Plants found in particular area.

 

 

 

 

Chemistry Basic

 Chemistry

Introduction:

Chemistry: It is the branch of science which deals with the study of chemicals, substance or matter.

Father: Antoine Lavoisier

Substance or Matter: Anything in this universe which have some weight (mass) and which can occupy some space is called Substance or Matter.

Stages of Matter:

There are four stages of Matter:-

1.      Solid

2.      Liquid

3.      Gas

4.      Plasma

We will discuss these stages in detail:

1.      Solid:

·         Molecules remain closure to each other.

·         Strong inter-molecular forces between the molecules.

·         High density.

·         Definite size and volume.

2.      Liquid:

·         Indefinite size.

·         Definite volume.

3.      Gas:

·         Indefinite volume and size.

Weak inter-molecular forces.

·         Distance between molecules are more.

4.      Plasma:

·         Discovered by William Crookes in 1879.

·        
Gas  ^{ionised (High temp)}     Plasma.

Conversion of Stages of Matter:

·        
Solid    ^Melting         Liquid

·        
Liquid   ^Freezing        Solid

·        
Liquid   ^Evaporation    Gas

·        
Gas      ^Condensation    Liquid

·        
Gas    ^Deposition      Solid

·        
Solid  ^Sublimation      Gas

 

 

 

 

 

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